When the devastating cyclone struck Jamaica on the 28th of October with ferocious 185mph gusts, it resulted in a scene of utter destruction. Dwellings, hospitals, and critical infrastructure were severely compromised, leading to 32 deaths and affecting an staggering 1.5 million individuals. For mental health expert Toni-Jan Ifill, it was instantly apparent that the tangible destruction would be shadowed by profound and long-term traumatic memories.
“Everyday occurrences can activate them,” Ifill states. “An individual mentioned a cart we often move through the passageways, whose noise evoked memories of breaking wood and the roaring storm. She has become averse to experiencing that sound.”
A month and a half after the hurricane, which also impacted parts of Cuba, flashbacks of the horrific event continue to affect some staff at the University Hospital of the West Indies in Kingston. Simply the noise of falling rain can now elicit panic among those who lived through it.
The Hidden Toll Alongside Economic Reconstruction
Hurricane Melissa resulted in a substantial recovery package valued at up to $6.7bn over a three-year period and an further payout of $150 million from a groundbreaking risk financing tool. However, authorities note this monetary aid does not address the unseen cost: pervasive mental health crises—especially among those still recovering from a previous disaster in 2024.
While the primary focus is directed toward rebuilding infrastructure, studies over the recent years demonstrate that the likelihood of PTSD grows substantially after hurricanes and forced relocation. Researchers are now calling for the integration of psychological care into disaster response plans across small island developing states.
Increased Risks: Loss and Psychological Well-being
Researchers highlight how extended displacement, loss of livelihoods, and insufficient support worsen mental health risks. A recent regional study identified a clear threat of PTSD, depression, and anxiety after extreme weather. Another study documented comparable fear, anxiety, and distress among people displaced by tropical cyclones.
Dr. Eamin Heanoy, a researcher who has analyzed disaster survivors worldwide, notes that survivors typically experience three primary psychological hurdles: anxiety, depression, and PTSD.
Dr. Rose-Ann Smith, a lecturer in disaster studies, echoes this view. She notes that while people are often tough, as the planet continues to warm, mental health is becoming an ever more critical issue—despite the fact that extensive research is not widely available.
Both Smith and Heanoy found that women affected showed more severe emotional impact than male counterparts. “It indicates that women are more susceptible than males in such catastrophes,” Smith comments.
The Long Road to Recovery
Dr. Heanoy says that while some early progress in well-being may occur within a twelve-month period, the lasting effects remain uncertain. The degree to which survivors bounce back is largely determined by the circumstances of their suffering and the support available.
The experts see that the loss of homes and livelihoods can magnify the emotional challenge to rebuild. Smith labels housing loss “a major source of stress,” particularly when insurance or savings are lacking. “Reconstruction comes with its own emotional tax,” she says.
Ifill observes the parallel situation among her patients: “Individuals who had mental health conditions before have found it’s significantly worse in this aftermath.”
In addition to the psychological toll, practical issues persist. The hurricane severely damaged vital water infrastructure, slowing the complete restoration of potable water. Insurance payouts, while necessary, are insufficient to fix the chronic vulnerabilities exposed by the storm.
Grassroots Support as a Essential Lifeline
Perhaps most importantly is that rebuilding alone does not address the psychological injuries caused by permanent disabilities. Studies shows that survivors frequently report community support to be more effective than bureaucratic help.
“State support is important,” Smith acknowledges. “If it fails to materialize, or when it is slow, local people keep each other whole.”
Ifill similarly praises the strength of community solidarity in navigating hardship. She says she was “impressed by the sense of humour” among resilient populations. “Everything is destroyed, right? But if a community has a positive outlook, they share laughter about the storm.”
Additionally, she acknowledges steps to encourage emotional well-being after the disaster but cautions about the dangers of doomscrolling. “I recommended reducing screen time, trusting verified sources, and turning to apps to maintain social support.”
A Growing International Focus
In recent years, mental health has received more focus from global organizations due to the escalating climate emergency. The growing regularity of hurricanes has catalyzed the development of tools for mental health response.
Major health organizations have published practical guides to help responders in offering psychosocial support in the wake of traumatic events. These efforts aim to foster community and personal strength by training professionals, reducing shame, and facilitating the use of mental health services.
Financial support are also identified as fundamental for preserving mental health. A agricultural worker from another Caribbean nation, who lost everything in a similar event, highlights the despair that arises when official support fails to materialize. “Assessments were made... But even now, we never got the promised help,” he recounts.
A Call for Holistic Healing
Experts argue that the Caribbean region accounts for a very small fraction of global emissions yet suffers disproportionate climate impacts. A swift, well-funded recovery is deemed essential to avoid prolonged suffering.
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